A Query into the Relationship between Gender and Self Esteem in Adolescent Females essays

A Query into the Relationship among Gender and Self Esteem in Adolescent Females articles Confidence is characterized as the manner by which an individual perspectives their exhibition in zones head to them actually, and the manner in which they accept others of centrality see them. The individuals who experience the ill effects of an inadequacy of confidence have an uplifted helplessness to encountering sorrow, getting engaged with tranquilize use or different tricky practices; they may experience the ill effects of a sleeping disorder because of tension and are more probable. To show bias and decry others. Abraham Maslow, maker of the progression of requirements, perceived the significance of confidence when he included it as the last fundamental level one must satisfy before one can be completed. Psychodynamic clinician Alfred Adler once said that the Supreme Law of life ought to be that the feeling of worth of oneself will not be permitted to be lessened. In spite of the significance of having high confidence, awfully numerous youthful young ladies are permitted to get lost in an outright flood and experience the ill effects of the reduced faculties of self at consistently expanding ages. For what reason do young ladies experience more articulated issues with confidence than their male partners and what has caused this sexual orientation hole to develop in an alleged society of uniformity? Kennon M. Sheldon Ph.D of the University of Missouri-Columbia states in a report gave in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that once distinguished, mental necessities can be focused to improve individual flourishing, similarly that the natural needs of a plant, when distinguished, can be focused to expand flourishing in the plant. As indicated by the examination, confidence is the most basic mental need of American undergrads. Members were approached to distinguish generally fulfilling and uninspiring occasions throughout their life at various time spans. The most uninspiring occasions came up short on the best four characteristics related with mental prosperity. In every one of the three US tests confidence beat the rundown w... <!

Comparative Paper of Race/Ethnicity Essay

Racial foundation and ethnicities are spoken to in the short stories â€Å"Country Lovers†, â€Å"The Welcome Table†, and the sonnet â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†. These accounts have a principle character or hero dark female. Each of the three of these ladies manage some level of segregation as a result of their shading. The hardships that these ladies endure during their life can be endured by anybody however experiencing childhood in an unfair circumstance makes an increasingly sensational story. The fundamental subjects in â€Å"Country Lovers† are love and racial legislative issues. Nation Lovers was composed during when Africa was experiencing racial isolation. This story has incongruity all through the whole story. Thebedi and Paulus grow up together and they experience passionate feelings for. They experienced childhood in Africa during the politically-sanctioned racial segregation when their nation didn't permit interracial connections. Paulus Eysendyck was the child of the homestead proprietor and Thebedi’s father took a shot at that ranch. The two of them realized they couldn't be together freely. During the politically-sanctioned racial segregation in Africa it was illicit to have an interracial relationship. There are a few sensational impacts in this story. The first is the point at which the storyteller discusses Paulus leaving to class â€Å"This helpfully matches with the age of twelve or thirteen; so that when early puberty is reached, the dark kids are making alongside the real changes normal to each of the, a simple progress to grown-up types of address, starting to call their old companions missus and baasie little master† (Clungston, 2010). There’s loss of guiltlessness and illegal love as depicted here when Paulus watches Thebedi swim in the water â€Å"The students he swam with at dams or pools on neighboring ranches wore two-pieces yet seeing their astonishing tummies and thighs in the daylight had never caused him to feel what he felt now when the young lady came up the bank and sat adjacent to him, the drops of water beading off her dull legs the main purposes of light in the earthâ€smelling profound shade† (Clungston, 2010). This adoration would by some other methods be typical, however since it is during the politically-sanctioned racial segregation it is illegal. In the long run, Thebedi gets pregnant at eighteen with Paulus’s kid. So as to secure herself Thebedi weds another man, Njabulo a worker on the Eysendyck ranch, similar to her dad. When Paulus returns home on vacation he learns of the kid, expecting that it is his, knowing the legitimate issues he could confront, he goes to see the youngster. When Paulus sees the kid â€Å"He battled for a second with a frown of tears, outrage, and selfâ€pity. He stated, â€Å"You haven’t been close to the house with it? † (Clungston, 2010) Both Paulus and Thebedi know the results if the youngster is gotten some answers concerning. After two days Paulus comes back to Thebedi’s hovel and suffocates the youngster. The infant had been given an appropriate internment until â€Å"someoneâ€one of different workers? their ladies? â€had announced that the child was practically white, that, solid and sound, it had kicked the bucket abruptly after a visit by the farmer’s son†(Clungston, 2010). At long last, a preliminary brought about a â€Å"not guilty† decision as a result of lacking evidence. Every single one of these occasions is sensational. The fundamental subjects of â€Å"The Welcome Table† are unprejudiced Christ-like love and prejudice. Walker’s story â€Å"The Welcome Table† never makes reference to a table with the exception of under the title it cites an old profound. We are never given a name of the elderly person in this story. This makes secrecy about the lady; this is sad in light of the fact that she is obscure. In view of the portrayal of the woman’s garments the thought is given that â€Å"Perhaps she had known enduring â€Å"(Walker, 1973). In the account of the old dark lady is depicted as, â€Å"the shade of poor dim Georgia earth, beaten by ruler cotton and the outrageous weather† (Walker, 1973). This old Black lady is on a strategic. Despite the fact that there is no table in this story, the welcome table is an illustration for unprejudiced love. The elderly person heads into a place of god anticipating that it should have unprejudiced love. The congregation individuals victimized her since she is dark. The great church people are stunned. The reverend reminds her tenderly saying â€Å"Auntie, you realize this isn't your church† (Walker, 1973). The elderly person thinks â€Å"as on the off chance that one could pick an inappropriate one† (Walker, 1973). She brushes past them all and finds a seat close the back. Inside it is freezing, colder than expected. She disregards the solicitation of an attendant, alluding to her as grandmother, who requests that her leave. The women, who are praising the unbiased love that they apparently have, at long last demand and their spouses fling her out. She is dazed, puzzled, and begins to sing a pitiful tune. At that point she sees something descending â€Å"the long dim expressway. † She smiles toothlessly and chuckles with delight. For it is as a matter of fact Jesus, and he is strolling toward her. At the point when he approached, he stated, â€Å"Follow me† and the elderly person â€Å"bounded down to his side with all the sway and speed of one so old†(Walker, 1973). Both of them stroll on together. She discloses to him her difficulties, and he listens sympathetic, grinning energetically. Jesus gives her the welcome table. The individuals in the congregation never recognized what befell her. Some said they saw her chattering to herself and strolling off down the interstate isolated. â€Å"They speculated possibly she had family members over the waterway, a few miles away, however none of them truly knew. † The subject in this story is prejudice and hardship. Smiths sonnet gives the crowd a view into a little youngsters progress from being a dark young lady into turning into a dark lady during when both being a dark young lady and a dark lady are unwelcomed. An Explication: From progress to disillusionment. The sonnet â€Å"What it’s like to be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t)† by Patricia Smith, is actually as it is depicted in the title. Smiths sonnet gives the crowd an insider’s see into a youthful dark girl’s progress into dark lady hood at a time where both being a dark young lady and a dark lady was not as invited. Pubescence is generally depicted by the natural changes a little youngster or girl’s body experiences. Smith composes, â€Å"It’s being 9 years of age and feeling like you’re not finished,† and â€Å"like your edges are wild, as there’s something, everything, wrong† (Smith, 1991). In spite of the fact that all adolescents have these contemplations in Smiths sonnet the dark young lady additionally have the additional weights of a racially uncalled for society. This â€Å"black girl† she alludes to in her sonnet is feeling the clumsiness of her recently changing body and the expectation of something else and possibly better to come. The sonnet recounts to the account of a youthful dark young lady investigating and encountering what it is to turn into a dark lady in a general public that advises her to be white is better. â€Å"It’s dropping food shading in your eyes to cause them blue and enduring their to consume peacefully. It’s popping a blanched white mophead over the wrinkles of your hair and preparing before the mirrors that deny your appearance. † (Smith, 1991) The food shading in her eyes and the blanched hair represent her should be acknowledged by society’s thought of legitimate. â€Å"It’s fire and clench hands and life as per Motown† (Smith, 1991). The existence she knows is Motown music, racial slurs, and battling. Between â€Å"jumping twofold Dutch until your legs pop† and â€Å"growing tall and wearing a great deal of white† (Smith, 1991) the sonnet discloses to us how a youthful dark young lady adjusts her evolving body, with her youngster like attitude. The wearing of a great deal of white is her wearing of the wedding outfit frequently observed as an image of womanhood. On that day, she’s begins the following part in her life, as a wedded lady. At the point when Smith discusses â€Å"having a man connect for you and collapsing around his fingers† (Smith, 1919) it gives the peruser a superior perception of the docile attitude ladies managed during the 1960’s. At last, this youthful dark young lady is presently a lady. All through the sonnet, Smith has helped us to see the progress from a dark young lady to a dark lady. With Smiths’ scrupulousness, the peruser can follow the girl’s changes, both natural and mental. This sonnet recounts to the narrative of a youthful dark girl’s excursion and her encounters while turning into a developed dark lady in a period of racial vulnerability. Each of the three ladies are overcomers of an existence of racial out of line. These accounts are regular to regular day to day existence changes and exercises. These hardships, that everybody regularly observes, are considerably more emotional in a general public that victimizes shading. References: Clugston, R. W. , (2010). Excursion into Literature. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Recovered March 20, 2011 from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/areas/h3. 2? search=Country%20Lovers Walker, A. , (1973). In a tough situation: Stories of Black Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 81-87. Smith, P. , (1991). Life According to Motown. What it’s Like to Be a Black Girl (for those of you who aren’t). Tia Chucha Press.

Agnostic Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Existence Of God, God

Rationalist I accept that I am rationalist since I don't have the foggiest idea what to think about religion. At the point when it comes to stating whether I have confidence in God or not, I feel that I have not yet gone to a total comprehension of God's presence. This will in general be an endless loop which continually goes through my head. As far as I can recall, I was educated through my family and church this being exists, however as I developed more established I started to address whether this all-powerful being truly exists. How might I accept this being exists when consistently I watch the news and know about all the disaster that is going on the planet. I have been educated through my family and church that God is the maker and incomparable leader of the universe. They additionally instructed me that he has set up specific rules or rules for which we should comply. These are normally known as the ten rules. We have been informed that on the off chance that we resist these charges , we will at last take a hike. Besides, on the off chance that we follow these rules, we will go to paradise and live in harmony interminably. We as a whole essentially have the equivalent view of what Heaven and Hell resemble. Paradise is normally thought of as a perfect world. A place which is delicate, excellent and quiet. Where there is absolute harmony and congruity. Where as Hellfire is known similar to a jail for criminals. Damnation should be a dull, hot, and desolate place with much wretchedness. A people most exceedingly terrible bad dream. As I have gotten more seasoned, I don't really accept that God made these decrees or in these spots. I do accept that they are as yet a great arrangement of guidelines and qualities for everybody to live by. On the off chance that we as people ask and hold God to be the omnipotent, How would we be able to understand all of the slaughter, illness, abhorrence and scorn in this world which we live. In the event that God makes, for what reason would he make killers, hoodlums, and attacker? How would we with the exception of every individual kicking the bucket from maladies, for example, disease and helps. Can we truly express that there is a God, when such a significant number of the youthful have kicked the bucket in war, or who can represent an animal, for example, Hitler. I have seen far to much detestable in this world to be absolutely certain there is one omnipotent being looking out for and securing us. Numerous individuals petition God to get detestable far from all who we love. When as a general rule, there is no protection to guard us from underhanded. Isn't it amusing that the one that numerous individuals go to for absolution has the ability to get torment our lives. As I would see it, God is a picture for us all to turn upward to or take a stab at his flawlessness. Everybody needs to be as flawless as the manner in which we see God as being. Regardless of whether there is no God, this can just improve our reality. All in all, I despite everything have not been persuaded that everything around me has been made by God. In any case, in the event that it brings we all closer and improves the world a much spot, I don't see anything amiss with having it. I accept that every individual ought to escape religion what they need, not what society needs them to receive in return.

The function of authority in Chaucer’s “Troilus and Cresseid” and Henryson’s “Testament for Cresseid” - Literature Essay Samples

‘Qhua wait gif all that Chauceir wrait was trew?/Nor I wait nocht gif this narratioun/Be authoreist’. In his Testament for Cresseid, inspired by Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde, Henryson’s narrator presents an almost immediate challenge to the truth of his literary predecessor, consequently plunging the authority of his own narrative into doubt and humbling himself before his readers. This display of the narrator humbling himself is present elsewhere, in both Troilus and Testament ,with the plain citing of literary sources; ‘worthie Chauceir’,[58] in Henryson’s work and ‘myn auctor Lollius’[394] (amongst others) in Chaucer’s. Aside from giving us a fair licence to conflate the authors with the narrators, (as the narrators refer to works both authors had read) presenting the sources from which their work has derived seems to detract from their own authority and originality. However, what may seem humbling in fact has ulterior literary functions. Nicholas Watson argues, for instance, that Western literature has a tradition of ‘ homage and displacement’, meaning Chaucer and Henryson acknowledge their sources in order to make literary space (and thus authority) for their own work, covering themselves with the artifice of ‘homage’. While this is true, I would take Watson’s argument further to suggest that both writers additionally cement the truth and authority of their narratives in the repeated suggestion that the tragic events in their narratives are in the hands of either fate or the gods themselves, and thus located outside of the narrator’s control. Instead the narrators act deictically, guiding the readers through the action and intensifying the tragic elements of each respective poem by lamenting at things out of his control. Under the blanket of being ‘humble’, both authors thus establish their work as authoritative and true by the ‘homage and displacement’ of their literary predecessors and the infallibility of gods and predetermined events from outside the narrator’s realm. One interesting feature of Chaucer’s poem is the narrator’s language of obligation; an insistence that he must convey his narrative no matter how painful or trying it may be. Such language is present to an extent in Henryson’s narrative too, (though he briefly attempts to separate himself from the narrator with ‘sum poeit’ [66]) and serves to hyperbolize both the importance and urgency of their work. For example, Henryson’s narrator describes the telling of the story as being ‘Maid to report the lamentation’, [67] ‘Maid’ being particularly forceful language as well as a word suggestive of a higher authority in control doing the forcing. This suggestion can similarly be seen in Chaucer’s poem where the narrator describes himself as ‘the sorwful instrument/That helpeth loueres’.[10] Again, ‘instrument’ is unavoidably suggestive of someone above the narrator ‘playing’ him, pa inting him as a transmitter or mediator. What is interesting about this mediating effect is also the pretense it creates of neutrality in the narrator from the outset. Henryson’s use of ‘report’ in particular insinuates lack of bias, whilst Chaucer repeatedly refers to his attempts at being faithful to his sources: ‘as myn auctour seyde, so sey I’,[18] with even the syntax of ‘I’ following on from ‘auctour’ again creating the impression that Chaucer is merely a kind of scribe. Creating this impression of neutral obligation, I would argue, works by making the readers believe that the narrators are doing them a service, and have endeavoured to make sure everything they write is true. Acting as mediators of their narratives, the narrators are thus protected from criticism, ‘Disblameth me if any word be lame’,[17, Troilus] whilst simultaneously lending importance to their work. Control of narrative is something made very clear and tangible in both Troilus and Testament, with both authors painting those of higher authority (namely fate or the gods) as the dictators of the most important or tragic events in their narratives, whilst the narrators act deictically, guiding the readers through the action. Chaucer’s narrator, for instance, asks in the opening lines of the poem: ‘Thesiphone, thow help me for tendite’,[6] whilst Henryson describes how ‘Saturne’ ‘tuik on hand’ [309] Cresseid’s punishment’, ‘hand’ depicting physically Saturne’s control over Cresseid’s fate. In places, both Henryson and Chaucer’s narrators speak in the present tense whilst depicting the fate of their characters as having already been decided in the past. Chaucer’s narrator states, ‘on hire whiel she sette vp Diomede;/ffor which right now myn herte gynneth blede’,[13-14] whi lst Henryson’s narrator similarly begs to Saturne: ‘Withdraw thy sentence and be gracious’,[327] where ‘gynneth blede’ and ‘withdraw’ locate the narrators in the present. By creating a clash of this kind between the present narrator and events that have already supposedly happened or been decided, Chaucer and Henryson locate their narratives outside of their own work, presenting them as established stories. This also places the men on a level with their readers, all being at the mercy of fate and the gods like Troilus and Cresseid. By pretending to surrender narrative control, both narrators react to the tragedy as it happens and heighten the emotional impact of the most important moments in both poems. In a similar way to Henryson’s questioning of narrative truth and authority, this ‘surrendering’ appears to be a performance of the narrators humbling themselves before more important forces or figures, and though this is true, the emotional reactions of the narrators against the pre-established events in both poems also serves to affirm their unequivocal truth. As Marilyn Corrie points out in her essay on ‘fate, destiny, and fortune’, ‘the idea that what happens to people, and what people do, are determined by forces external to themselves was current in the Middle ages[.]’ As previously discussed then, fate and pagan gods in both Troilus and Testament lend an ultimate authority to both poems. However, as features, they also ensure that any ill tidings or punishments that befall Troilus or Cresseid cannot, to any serious degree, be contended with as unjust by the readers, something more visible in Henryson’s work which imagines a punishment for Cresseid’s infidelity that Chaucer did not. Derek Pearsall suggests of the gods in Testament that they ‘operate in a manner brutally similar to what goes under the name of divine justice’, a comment which encapsulates Henryson’s treatment of Cresseid; his punishment of her is brutal, but the god, rather than himself are painted of the instig ators of it. As a result, the readers can only see what befalls her as just and deserved, thus heightening Henryson’s moral didacticism at the close of his poem, ‘Ming not your lufe with fals deceptioun’,[613] as Cresseid is shown to be an unmistakable example of ‘deceptioun’ and falsity. Fate and the gods are not the only figures that Henryson and Chaucer exploit as means for narrative authority; both also use their respective literary sources to do the same. Once again, under the guise of being humble, Chaucer credits ‘Lollius’,[1.394] ‘Omer’,[1.146] and ‘Dares’,[1.146] as the authorities over his work, whilst Henryson states ‘Chauceir’[58] is the origin of his work. However, what is interesting about both writer’s deployment of sources is, as Thomas C Stillinger points out: ‘when the shape of the story makes it seem digressive to narrate [†¦] [various events] at length, he [Chaucer] tells his reader where that material may be found[.]’ And indeed, Chaucer avoids launching into lengthy descriptions of how Troy fell: ‘Ne falleth naught to purpos me to telle;/ffor it were here a long digression/ffro my matere and 3ow long to dwelle.’[1.142-144] Here, ‘long digressionâ€℠¢ and ‘3ow long’ suggest a narrative urgency, and contain a subtle, yet visible, suggestion that Chaucer’s narrative is more important than those of ‘Omer’ or ‘Dares’, which ‘digressed’ and strayed away from what was important. Whilst Chaucer suggests this in a fairly indirect way, Henryson makes space for himself much more clearly. In a similar manner, Henryson states on Troilus: ‘Of his distress me neidis not reheirs,/For worthie Cahuceir, in the samin buik,/In guidelie termis and in joly veirs,/Compylit he his cairis’,[57-60] using comparatively positive language like ‘joly veirs’ and ‘guidlie termis’ in reference to his source. However, Henryson’s sweeping aside of Chaucer is made clear by the line that follows this ‘homage’, which we will return to: ‘Quha wait gif all that Chauceir wrait was trew.’[64] In this line, any previous praise of Chaucer is diminished, and by deploying a rhetorical question, Henryson sows doubt about Chaucer’s literary authority without making any direct statement. By proposing the possibility that Chaucer’s work was untrue, he creates his own space to write in, as does Chaucer with his own sources, insinuating that their work will be better than what has come before. Neither Chaucer nor Henryson claim outright that their work is the most authoritative, true or valid, but when examined, it becomes clear that both poets manipulate their narrator, sources, and language in order to claim authority under the guise of being humble servants to their readers. It is the narrators in particular who allow the authors inside the narrative of the poem to persistently guide their readers and gain their trust, rendering the poems leak-proof to contentions as to whether they are ‘trew’ or ‘authoreist’.

How Can Test Mary s Brain Injury - 1163 Words

In this paper, I will be discussing ways to test Mary’s brain injury. Mary obtained her brain inju-ry by diving in a pool and hitting her head. Mary was shortly removed from the pool and sent to the hospital by the ambulance. Mary was unconscious for quite a while, but the next day re-gained consciousness. However, with the Glascow Coma Scale, Mary’s injuries will be tested and below you will find out how. In neropsychology, there are many assessments and tests such as the Glascow Coma Scale, the NAART, the Weschler WTAR, all of these and more can be used to assess Mary’s premorbid abilities and compare them to after her accident. In the Glascow Coma Scale, one of the assessed on the following functions, eye opening, verbal response, and motor response (Tsdale, Jennett. 1974). Eye opening can be spontaneous, to the sound of a voice, and response to pain, or not at all (Tsdale, Jennett. 1974). Verbal response can be normal conversation, disorientated conversation, words, but not coherent, no words, only sounds, or none at all (Tsdale, Jennett. 1974). Motor response can be normal, localized to pain, withdrawal to pain, abnormal posture, or none (Tsdale, Jennett. 1974). The Glascow Scale (GCS) is a common tool used to determine brain injury. The GCS can be used to measure the severity of a TBI. The test is simple, reliable, and shows outcome following severe brain injury (Tsdale, Jennett. 1974). The GCS is so simple, it can be used by EMT’s at the scene of the injury, in theShow MoreRelatedLence Lazoroski Mary S Case Study PS520 Essay3001 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Mary’s Case Study Unit 5 Lence Lazoroski PS520-01: Neuropsychology March 4, 2012 Case Study Summary Mary S. is a 17-year-old Latina High School Junior who is popular amongst her peers and performs academically in the top quarter of her class. 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Reconstruction Of Reconstruction And Reconstruction

Reconstruction what is it?What does it mean to reconstruct? Is it possible to reconstruct nowadays? Reconstruction started in 1865 and ended in 1877.Reconstruction took place mostly in the south. Reconstruction was created to help fix the problems in the new union after slavery, but sadly didn t end well causing an all white government into power and failing the union. New economic,political and industrial growth was being made. New job opportunities were being made for the people and former black slaves who also were getting education and a chance of equal rights...or so they said. Many events were leading up to the end of reconstruction including the support declining, the lost faith in the acts, and the threats that the blacks,whites†¦show more content†¦No Freedmen shall sell or exchange any article of merchandise within the limits of Opelousas without permission in writing from his employer.† Basically most whites were still able to be in control of former slaves which caused no development in reconstructing the union. Another way the South was in fault for the failing reconstruction were the fact that regardless of the new equal rights the blacks were getting the whites were against these new sets of laws to help the blacks and were terrorizing them. â€Å"(As seen on Document B in the picture below) Caption: He wants to vote the Democratic ticket. The Black man is seen being threatened by two white men with guns pointed to his head.† The man is trying to vote but the whites aren’t allowing him and is being threatened by them. Let’s also include the text from document B â€Å"[The Klansmen] broke my door open...whipped me three hours and left me for dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ If there was an election tomorrow, I would vote the Radical ticket.† They set in and whipped me a thousand licks more, with sticks and straps that had buckles on the ends of them â€Å" They didn’t want the black man choosing something against them so they would beat them or threaten them with death if they didn’t do as they wanted. Terrorist groups also caused violent oppositions in the south for example the KKK(Ku Klux Klan) wanted to restore the old political order the way they did this was by methods of threats, house burnings, and killings against blacks andShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Goals : Reconstruction And Reconstruction1296 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction Goals Reconstruction started in 1865 after the war was coming to an end and completed in 1877. 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The main issue during reconstruction was the status of African Americans because they wanted their civil rights, but could not get that. The question that needs to be answered is: who did the most to aid the cause of African American during Reconstruction, and why? Many organizations and people helped

Performance Indicator free essay sample

Performance Indicator Memo Executive Summary The aim of Performance Indicator is to increase golf ball manufacturers’ value by increasing revenue from new ball sales as a result of eliminating older, used balls through its color change coating technology. Although there appears to be a possible financial benefit based on the future perceived demand for new golf balls, PI’s new technology does not appear to have any transparent benefit or value creation for the end consumer (golfer). Consequently, no manufacturer has yet to adopt this technology. Inconsistency Between Sales-Pitch and Willingness to Pay Performance Indicator (PI) has developed a technology that will enable the golf industry to reduce the number of used golf balls in the market place by indicating which balls have had their performance degraded due to an extended duration in the water. Approximately 85 million used golf balls (approximately 50% of all used balls) are thought to be replaced through this technology, hence increasing the sales of brand new balls. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Indicator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are also, in effect, attempting to create a quality assurance mechanism for used golf balls in circulation. Theoretically, golf ball manufacturers stand to benefit from filling the â€Å"gap† created in the market by removing the performance degraded used balls. Although PI is selling directly to the golf ball manufacturers, the golfer using the ball that is known to be in good condition determines the real value creation. The main inconsistency derives from not all golfers standing to benefit from the adoption of PI technology. The manufacturer must determine if this perceived benefit to the golfer is worth the additional manufacturing costs and market/brand implications. There is a segment of the market that will continue to buy new balls. Both professional and average golfers utilize used golf balls; however, neither group will derive enough consumer surplus to be willing to pay for this technology. We believe the additional value created by the improvement in performance does not justify the additional cost of having to purchase new balls. Used balls can be purchased for significantly less or even found by many golfers and have an acceptable performance level. Diminishing the used golf ball supply may cause frustration for the average olfer. If this technology were universally adopted by all manufacturers, there may be benefit to the industry as a whole. However, value brand manufacturers feel that brand image might be tarnished by concern about consumer’s â€Å"infringement on their access to cheap used balls. † Additionally, high-end manufacturers’ sales, which represent 67% of total new balls market, will be reluctant to ado pt the technology due the belief that the consumers may buy new value brand golf balls rather than their own premium brand golf balls. The decision for an individual manufacturer to adopt PI’s technology will be determined by the potential increase in sales as golfers replace performance degraded balls with their brand. It is reasonable to assume that individual manufacturers are hesitant to pioneer this technology because there is no assurance that a performance degraded golf ball would be replaced with their own. The data indicate that golfers are comfortable using used balls, or value brands. By removing approximately 50% of the used balls from circulation, numerous golfers may utilize the lower cost alternatives to fulfill their required quantities. In attempting to convince potential customers of the perceived value of the technology, Performance Indicator provided data related to the estimated profit impact of removing the performance degraded balls from the market. The two problems identified with this presentation is the failure to establish a true value and the underlying assumption that the market split between premium brands and value brands will remain the same. In fact, there may be a shift towards value brands based on the technology. Exhibit 5 Estimation of Profit Impact| | | | A manufacturer would be more interested in their total manufacturing cost and revised profit utilizing the new technology. A revised approach to presenting this data is offered below. Based on the lack of value added to the golfer from this technology, it is unlikely that a fundamental market shift will occur. However, in this revised exhibit, the data more clearly displays the potential range of profits a manufacturer could achieve from the shift in the market. By translating the quantities of golf balls into amounts of profits, the case for adopting the technology could become more apparent. In conclusion, value is created when the customer’s willingness to pay exceeds, or even significantly exceeds, the cost to produce the golf ball. In this example, the PI technology does not add, or is not perceived to add, sufficient value to the golf ball market. In order for PI to gain a customer, this value must be perceived and realized by one of the golf ball manufacturers. The additional demand created by removing defective golf balls through their technology was thought to translate into increased profit by increased sales of new balls. The inconsistency in strategic thought was neglecting the golfers’ benefit.

sport Essays - Health, Personal Life, Food And Drink, Nutrition

I cannot say I identify with my family on any health issue. We aren?t terribly susceptible to any one disease, and health habits vary with each person. Age, however, does affect my attitude to health. Young adults are still subject to peer pressure, are free to make their own choices, and are healthy enough to disregard healthy habits. The topic of healthy eating arises because it is a major part of health that young adults do not have the right to ignore. If young people don?t regularly examine themselves for signs of cancer, it?s because cancer is statistically rare for their age group. If they don?t frequently check their cholesterol levels, it?s because they know from previous checkups that high cholesterol levels are unlikely in their young age. But if they don?t manage their diets well, there is no good reason. Eating healthy foods, eating a proper amount of food, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol are just as important now as ever, but we do not acknowledge this in our lifestyles. Young adults need to know that their diets now will affect their health later, and they need to provide themselves with healthy eating. As a young adult I see several reasons why healthy eating is not an apparently important topic. Personal responsibility is a new concept at this point in life; if we are used to snacking on junk food and eating healthy meals when they are served, we are not automatically trained to make healthy meals ourselves. With lives full of school and work, it is easy to prioritize economic needs over health. To make matters worse, we feel healthy and energetic, so health and healthy eating never beg for our attention. Compared to the elderly, who take the time to eat vitamins, buy healthy food, and meet regularly with a doctor, the young can seem quite reckless and irresponsible. Another reason for a lack of emphasis on proper eating is peer pressure, whether this promotes donuts, energy drinks, or alcohol. Although I don?t experience this problem personally, I see how dangerous it can be when we have more school friends than work acquaintances. Alcohol can be very tempting when we reach the legal age, because it is to some a symbol of independence. Peer pressure can bring the young adult culture together in a negative way. If we take cues from our fellow students, they imply that fast food and other unhealthy products are acceptable. To worsen the problem is the media, although it may not directly target young adults more than any other age group. Movies reinforce stereotypical images of young adults focused on anything but healthy eating, and advertisements promote junk food, fast food, and caffeine. Mostly, this negligence affects me, too. Eating can be equated with the search for any form of pre-packaged and processed food, and I have not considered any nutritional value, or considered taking vitamin supplements. I realize healthy diets need to be addressed, and will attempt this in the near future, although feeling somewhat victimized by unhealthy eating may hinder my efforts. Part of the problem is that procrastination is so easy. From this disregard for health comes statistical evidence, showing that we do not consider our health or diet enough. Writer Lorraine Heller reveals from one poll, ?75 percent of respondents aged over 55 considered themselves to be healthy eaters, compared to 47 percent of those aged 18 to 34.? That means that out of every four people, one of them will become a healthy eater around his forties. You don?t have to be forty to realize healthy eating will improve your lifespan, yet younger adults put the issue aside for as long as possible. An article entitled ?Smoking, obesity, poor eating highest among young adults? reveals from another survey taken in 2000, ?More than one-third of white men and women ages 18 to 24 smoked, the highest rate among all the groups covered.? A general explanation assumes everyone who wants to smoke starts when they turn eighteen, and then some quit later, but should this be taken for granted? Even when a person at the age of ten decides he will become a smoker, he is not destined to start smoking as soon as

Act 2, Scene 3 of A Raisin in the Sun

Act 2, Scene 3 of 'A Raisin in the Sun' Explore this plot summary and study guide for Lorraine Hansberrys play, A Raisin in the Sun, which provides an overview of Act Two, Scene Three. One Week Later - Moving Day Scene Three of the second act of A Raisin in the Sun takes place a week after the events of Scene Two. It is moving day for the Younger family. Ruth and Beantha are making last minute preparations before the movers arrive. Ruth recounts how she and her husband, Walter Lee, went to a movie the previous evening - something they have not done in a very long time. The romance in the marriage seems to have been rekindled. During and after the movie, Ruth and Walter held hands. Walter enters, filled with happiness and anticipation. In contrast to previous scenes during the play, Walter now feels empowered - as though he is finally steering his life in its proper direction. He plays an old record and dances with his wife as Beneatha pokes fun at them. Walter jokes with his sister (Beneatha aka Bennie), claiming that she is too obsessed with civil rights: WALTER: Girl, I do believe you are the first person in the history of the entire human race to successfully brainwash yourself. The Welcoming Committee The doorbell rings. As Beneatha opens the door, the audience is introduced to Mr. Karl Lindner. He is a white, bespectacled, middle-aged man who has been sent from Clybourne Park, the soon-to-be neighborhood of the Younger family. He asks to speak with Mrs. Lena Younger (Mama), but since she is not home, Walter says that he handles most of the family business. Karl Lindner is the chairman of a welcoming committee - an association that not only welcomes newcomers, but that also deals with problematic situations. Playwright Lorraine Hansberry describes him in the following stage directions: He is a gentle man; thoughtful and somewhat labored in his manner. (Note: In the film version, Mr. Lindner was played by John Fiedler, the same actor who provided the voice of Piglet in Disneys Winnie the Pooh cartoons. Thats how timid he is meant to seem.) Yet, despite his gentle mannerisms, Mr. Lindner represents something very insidious; he symbolizes a large portion of 1950s society who were believed they were not overtly racist, yet quietly allowed racism to thrive within their community. Eventually, Mr. Lindner reveals his purpose. His committee wants their neighborhood to remain segregated. Walter and the others become very upset by his message. Sensing their disturbance, Lindner hurriedly explains that his committee wants to buy the new house from the Youngers, so that the black family will make a healthy profit in the exchange. Walter is dismayed and insulted by Lindners proposition. The chairman leaves, sadly saying, You just cant force people to change their hearts son. Directly after Lindner exits, Mama and Travis enter. Beneatha and Walter teasingly explain that the Welcoming Committee of Clybourne Park cant hardly wait to see Mamas face. Mama eventually gets the jest, though she does not find it amusing. They wonder why the white community is so against living next to a black family. RUTH: You should hear the money those folks raised to buy the house from us. All we paid and then some. BENEATHA: What they think we going to do - eat em? RUTH: No, honey, marry em. MAMA: (Shaking her head.) Lord, Lord, Lord... Mama's Houseplant The focus of Act Two, Scene Three of A Raisin in the Sun shifts to Mama and her houseplant. She prepares the plant for the big move so that it wont get hurt in the process. When Beneatha asks why Mama would want to keep that raggedy-looking old thing, Mama Younger replies: It expresses me. This is Mamas way of recalling Beneathas tirade about self-expression, but it also reveals the affinity Mama feels for the enduring houseplant. And, even though the family may joke about the ragged condition of the plant, the family strongly believes in Mamas ability to nurture. This is evident by the Moving Day gifts they bestow upon her. In the stage directions, the gifts are described as: a brand new sparkling set of tools and a wide gardening hat. The playwright also notes in the stage directions that these are the first presents Mama has received outside of Christmas. One might think that the Younger clan is on the cusp of a prosperous new life, but there is yet another knock at the door. Walter Lee and the Money Filled with nervous anticipation, Walter eventually opens the door. One of his two business partners stands before him with a sobering expression. His name is Bobo; the absent business partner is named Willy. Bobo, in quiet desperation, explains the distressing news. Willy was supposed to meet Bobo and travel to Springfield to quickly obtain a liquor license. Instead, Willy stole all of Walters investment money, as well as Bobos life savings. During Act Two, Scene Two, Mama entrusted $6500 to her son, Walter. She instructed him to place three thousand dollars in a savings account. That money was meant for Beneathas college education. The remaining $3500 was for Walter. But Walter didnt just invest his money he gave all of it to Willy, including Beneathas portion. When Bobo reveals the news of Willys betrayal (and Walters decision to leave all of the money in the hands of a con-artist), the family is devastated. Beneatha is filled with rage, and Walter is wroth with shame. Mama snaps and repeatedly hits Walter Lee in the face. In a surprise move, Beneatha actually stops her mothers assault. (I say surprise move because I expected Beneatha to join in!) Finally, Mama wanders around the room, recalling how her husband had worked himself to death (and all apparently for naught.) The scene ends with Mama Younger looking up to God, asking for strength.

Incident manegment process at Catholic University of America Essay

Incident manegment process at Catholic University of America - Essay Example This could include the use of a service desk which acts as a link between the end users and the technical staff diagnosing the incident. The service desk updates the users on the progress of issue being resolved. Incident Management Cycle Incident life cycle involves discovery and listing, grouping and preliminary intervention, inspection and analysis, solution and revival, incident closure, incident ownership, follow up and evaluation, tracking and communication. To avoid IT business disruptions as a result of system failures, it is important to plan and implement programs to optimize IT service management. This begins with the analysis and alignment of the current and future business requirements and appropriate IT services provided. More serious incidents must be given precedence/priority where there are a number of incidents to be dealt with at the same time, where the user must be consulted and reference made to the Service Level Agreement (SLA). To prioritize, urgency and impac t of the incident to the user and the business must be evaluated (Office of Government Commerce 31). An incident that may not be resolved by first line support staff should be escalated to more expertise or authority. This could be either functional (horizontal) or Hierarchical (vertical) escalation. 1. Listing of Accepted Incidents Any section of the IT infrastructure may cause incidents to happen including computer operations, networking, service desk itself, procedures etc but these are usually reported by users. Detection systems can however be used to trap events taking place with the IT infrastructure. Incident management is related to other processes such as configuration management, problem management, change management, service level management, availability management, and capacity management (Office of Government Commerce 33). 2. Incident Grouping and Preliminary Intervention This involves grouping the incidents in some identified criteria. Services related to the inciden t are identified with due regard to the SLA. A support group is selected if support staff cannot resolve the incident issue; a support group is determined as part of functional escalation and based on incident categorization. An aspect of timelines here is critical involving informing the affected business user about the estimated amount of time expected to resolve the issue, with due updates on progress also provided. Incidents are also matched to determine whether similar ones occurred previously, thus helping on diagnosis and solution turnaround. 3. Solution and Revival Following an incident resolution, a record is made in the system for a Request for Change (RFC) submission to change management where necessary or/and appropriate. The RFC should usually lead to a solution (Office of Government Commerce 35). 4. Closure With a solution in place, the incident is routed back to the service desk by the support group. Service desk then informs the user to check if indeed the incident h as been resolved thereby closing the incident and incident record updated to show final category and priority, affected users and components which have been identified as causes of the incident. If user is not comfortable with the solution, the process can be reinitiated at the appropriate stage. 5. Incident Monitoring and Evaluation Service desk

Short listening and assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short listening and - Assignment Example The riff style is that which has been rehearsed and memorized by the musicians, and hence, called head riff. The role of piano is to provide the chords and tone with rhythmic strides. This introduces the music for the entire performance to the audience. It comps occasionally but the solo pieces on the piano are light and give the music the swinging quality. The role of the double bass is to keep time using slapping technique and provide comp for soloists in the ensemble. The drums provide the beat for the audience and members of the orchestra. The bass and drums follow the 12 bar blues (Rickert) rhythm in this performance. The specific solo I found especially fascinating was the trombone playing between the baritone and tenor saxophone soloists although all the performances were breathtaking. What I found in that little piece on the trombone is that it gave a brief break from the saxophone melodies and let the drums provide fillers. It reinforced the tone and rhythm of the song. The pace changes after this when the trumpeter introduces a slightly faster pace piece. The overall performance was great with a fun, light melody and the swing type rhythm giving it an overall energetic and bouncy feel. The music was very pleasant and specifically the arrangement of the sections was done beautifully and complimented each instrument very well. The video was most important, although, when this music was created in 1937, radio used to be the common means of transmission, even then the video helps even a novice to jazz understand the arrangements and riffing techniques employed by big bands. The head movement of the trumpet players along with the music near the ending sequence was very impressive. The One O’clock Jump very rightly deserves its place among one of the songs of the

Mother Tongue Essay Example for Free

Mother Tongue Essay Today we live in a society that is often called a salad bowl. It is called a salad bowl because it consists of various different people from various different backgrounds. We all live together in a society, but we still retain our own distinct flavors which helps to contribute to the richness and diversity of society. Unfortunately, today we also live in a society in which some of these groups are marginalized and looked down upon by others. Hence, often times as individuals we feel the need to compromise the way in which we communicate our ideas so that we can appeal to the views of the majority. Two authors explore how their attempt to compromise almost caused them to become detached from their roots. In Mother Tongue, by Amy Tan, Tan talks about growing up as a young child in America and learning the English language. She speaks about growing up as a writer and her mothers imperfect diction which had a major influence on her. On the other hand, In her essay, Censoring Myself, Betty Shamieh talks about being an American playwright and having to censor herself because of how her work was viewed. Both authors explore the influence that their background had on their ability to express themselves. As individuals we should not be afraid to express ourselves because of our differences, rather we should use our differences and show how our distinctions make us very unique. Firstly, In Mother Tongue, Tan talks about how her mothers limited English diction skewered her perception of her mother. Tan mentions how, Like others, I have described it to people as broken or fractured English (Tan 273). This shows how Tan viewed her mothers English speaking abilities. She describes it as if her mother spoke damaged English, which needed to be mended or repaired. For Tan it was imperative that she spoke proper English and used proper diction, thus she was ashamed of her mothers English. Tan fell under the impression that her mothers English speaking abilities reflected the quality of what she had to say. Since her mother expressed her words in an imperfect manner, tan believed that her thoughts were also imperfect (Tan 274). Her perception was also supported by how people in society responded to her mother. Tan states that people in  department stores, banks, and restaurants would not take her mother seriously. They would provide her bad service, pretend not to understand her, or act as if they were mute (Tan 274). This further contributed to Tans feeling of embarrassment and shame towards her mother. Tan also describes an incident in which her mother went to the hospital and was told that the hospital had misplaced her CAT scan. The hospital did not show any remorse for losing the scan, nor did they assure her that they would locate it, that is until her mother had Tan speak to the hospital (Tan 275). As a reader this shows us how language is perceived and the role that it plays in the lives of individuals. For Tan it was imperative that she was able to blend in and be like others, so that she wouldnt be ridiculed. Luckily, she was able to realize the positive influence that her mothers diction bought her. Furthermore, Tans mother teaches her to think in a different manner than the other children in her school. Tan states that her developing language skills were influenced by her family and in this case her mother, hence it affected her results on achievement tests. Since her mother taught her to think differently she was unable to perform as well in English as she did in math and science. Later Tan realizes the value of this different systematic way of thinking and it contributes to her rebellious nature towards her teachers who suggested shed be much better in engineering, accounting, or anything else than English, since she was of Asian descent. She decided to challenge this stereotype, and thanks to her mother became a writer, who didnt write using challenging diction that required a lot of thought, but rather diction that could be read and understood by audiences such as her mother. This is the reason she starts writing about her mother: â€Å"I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech, and the nature of her thoughts† (Tan 277). She acknowledged the richness that her mothers heritage provided her and then she decided her first reader and critic should be her mother. Overall this taught Tan that she didnt need to compromise to the high caliber and complexity of the English language, but rather she could express her thoughts in a simplistic, yet effective way which could be understood by everyone. In her essay, Censoring Myself, Betty Shamieh talks about being an American playwright and having to censor herself because of how her work was viewed by others. She states: I have been censored in many ways. But I think the most overt example of censorship I have yet faced is my experience with a project called the Brave New World Festival (Shamieh 294). For the Festival she wrote a monologue about being the sister of a suicide bomber in mourning because she was unable to prevent his vicious act of terrorism. Her approach towards writing this play was to promote anti-terrorism, but due to the harsh tragedy of 9/11 she felt that there would be some potential backlash. When she was asked to perform her monologue at the Brave New World Festival, she was very skeptical of being criticized, thus she asked a famous actress named Marisa Tomei to act in the play (Shamieh 295). Post 9/11, president Bush let it be known on national television that he thinks citizens better watch what they say (Shamieh 294). This shows the amount of tolerance that was granted towards individual expression post 9/11, where anything that was said could be viewed in light of terrorism. As an Arab American Shamieh acknowledged that her work would be a source of criticism, but she felt the need to express her view and in doing so had to compromise so that she could get her play preformed. Moreover, Shamiehs play was ridiculed for its content, so being afraid of losing her spot in the festival she produced another piece that could be preformed. This shows the censorship she faced with her work and her need to compromise her writing so that it would appeal to the majority. Shamieh states that: Arab American artist are largely faceless in this country and I felt that, by dropping out, I would be helping those who are trying to keep it that way (Shamieh 295). This portrays Shamiehs want to express her views and to represent the Arab community, whos voices were neglected. Essentially she was trying to give a voice to the voice less. She later presents a story about an Arab-American girl who ends up on a hijacked plane and talks the hijackers out of their plans. Once again her intent was to promote anti-racism, but in a humorous way, yet her new play was not only censored, but this time completely taken out of the festival. This shows the ability individuals had in being ab le to express their ideas. Being an  Arab American, Shamieh had the right to express her views, yet despite this, her work was viewed under a wrong light and taken out of the play. This taught Shamieh that as individuals we will often face censorship for many reasons, whether it may because of our race, ethnicity, gender, sex, etc. For Shamieh, this experience taught her to write about the things she cared about, the things that represented who she was. She acknowledged that she was censoring herself by not producing a play about the Palestinian experience, which was a huge part of who she was (Shamieh 296). As individuals we will often face criticism from others, but the important thing is to express our voices so that we can communicate our ideas and portray ourselves under a proper light. Hence, often times as individuals we feel the need to compromise the way in which we communicate our ideas so that we can appeal to the views of the majority. Authors Betty Shamieh and Amy Tan were both subjected to trying appeal to others. They both explore how they found themselves and attempt to tell readers to express their individuality. As American citizens, majority of us come from different backgrounds which gives us a broader perspective. We should try not to forget our roots and neither should we become entrenched in trying to appeal to others who see us under a different light. We as individual bring about diversity and cultural richness to America, hence we should not be afraid to communicate our ideas in a manner that represents who we are. When we constantly feel the need to compromise we often lose our identities and our own unique individuality. We are discrete individuals and we should utilize our differences, rather than trying to hide or forget them. If we do not s tand up and express our perspectives then others will express them for us. So, thus we need to communicate our ideas in an effective manner, while still retaining our original flavors in the salad bowl. Works Cited 1) Neweib, Janice. Mother Tongue by Amy Tan. The Mercury Reader: A Custom Publication. New York: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011. 271-277. Print. 2) Silverman, Jonathan, and Dean Rader. Censoring Myself by Betty Shamieh. The World Is a Text: Writing, Reading, and Thinking about Visual and Popular Culture. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011. 294-296. Print.

Biotechnology Essay -- essays research papers

Biotechnology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past decade, Biotechnology has advanced much to the advantage of many people. We have learned that with certain chemicals, we are able to cut-and-paste the DNA of certain organisms, and alter them to comply to our sociable needs. But this can also affect modern medicine, political factors, economic, and societal balances in our nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For medicine, Biotechnology has been a blessing, healing people who suffer from a sex-linked trait known as Hemophilia. Hemophilia is a condition where the person may die of blood loss when cut or wounded. This is caused by a lack of a certain chemical known as Factor 9, which allows the patient to heal from wounds. Scientists may now insert a gene into the patients own DNA causing the patient to heal skin, which has been impossible until now, with Genetic-Engineering. I doubt that there have been any real disadvantages with this technology, since it works to heal the patient, but we really can't predict what kind of medical misfits there will be in the future, using this life-saving technology to their own personal, perhaps evil, advantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dealing with politics, Bioengineering has opened a whole new door pertaining to the military, whose use of it may create an ultimate destruction. The alterance of nature is un-natural, and creates an unbalancement in life. When we use this technology towards the wrong side, we may all be burn...

Amendment 2 “The Right to Bear Arms”

This report provides background information about the Second Amendment. Also it offers a viewpoint on the magnitude and nature of the problem â€Å"right to keep and bear arms† and discusses the two competing interpretations that predominates the Second Amendment. Furthermore this report identifies political, cultural, administrative, and law enforcement realities that pose enormous obstructions to formulating, passing, implementing, as well as enforcing more gun controls. IntroductionRegardless of being the subject of huge popular and political controversy, until relatively recently the Second Amendment was one of the most neglected areas of constitutional scholarship. The regulation of arms is not just a technical problem. It is an extremely charged ideological and emotional issue that carries an incredible amount of symbolic baggage. For American society, the debate over gun control is more like the debates over abortion and school prayer than like a debate over automobile safety.Millions of Americans, together with a noteworthy percentage of the intellectual elite, think that guns are bad in themselves and that owning them is at best misguided and at worst pathological. For millions of American gun owners, the right to keep and bear arms is associated to freedom and democracy; it is an article of faith similar to the belief that other Americans have in the centrality of freedom of speech and religion.That several Americans dismiss the right to bear arms as a myth that has no legal or constitutional reality is a challenge to the believers' worldview and offend to their very status in American society. It is just a short step to considering the proponents of gun prohibition as â€Å"enemies† to be resisted and condemned. Two competing interpretations of the Second Amendment predominate, the â€Å"collective† or â€Å"states' rights† interpretation and the â€Å"individual rights† interpretation.In the collective rights model , American citizens have no individual right to bear arms; such a right, it is argued, belongs merely to those in the state militias since the purpose of the Amendment was to reassure the states that through the maintenance of â€Å"well regulated† militias they would be capable to protect themselves from any danger posed by the new national government's standing army.On the contrary, advocates of the individual rights interpretation contend that the Second Amendment protects the rights of all individuals to keep and bear arms (subject to certain conditions), not just those in the state militias; that it is the â€Å"right of the people. † This, it is argued, is in reference to how the First, Fourth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendments are interpreted.While the terms â€Å"republican† and â€Å"liberal† have clear-cut meanings to historians, the use of these terms can be quite confusing to the uninitiated, since the â€Å"republican† school of Second Amend ment interpretation would doubtless find themselves at variance with many Republican politicians today, and the â€Å"liberal† school of Second Amendment analysis, with a few notable exceptions, would probably prefix the word â€Å"classical† before calling themselves liberals of any sort. (Clayton E. Cramer, 1994).The republican school asserts that the right to keep and bear arms was an outgrowth of republicanism, intended to protect the society from the related evils of a standing army and tyranny. While the arms might be broadly distributed, they would still be possessed by the population for the purpose of collective action against a foreign army, or a domestic tyrant. (Clayton E. Cramer, 1994). The liberal school asserts that the right was individual, a logical outgrowth of the right to self-defense. Such arms would be for the defense of the individual against private criminals; there was no need for a collective purpose or ownership.(Clayton E. Cramer, 1994). Whe n it comes to the question of identify the intellectual and historical antecedents of the Second Amendment, there is, again, broad agreement between the collective and individual rights theorists. Whether tracing its roots through the Florentine political tradition and Machiavelli or the radical English Whig tradition of James Harrington, John Trenchard, and Thomas Gordon, both sides accept that the Second Amendment has to be understood, at least in part, in terms of republicanism.Particularly, there is no argument that an armed citizenry was, as militia members contend, an essential component of eighteenth-century republican thought. The cause for this, in Gordon Wood's memorable phrase, is that republics were seen to be states of â€Å"fragile beauty† Which is to say, that due to man's continual craving for power it was believed that republics were in constant danger from both external enemies and internal corruption, and citizens' militias were regarded as very important i n resisting these dangers.(Gordon S. Wood, 1969) Certainly, the militia movement's engagement with republicanism assists to elucidate why it reacts to any attempt at gun control with horror. After all, it was a commonplace of eighteenth-century republicanism that merely tyrannical governments would attempt to disarm their people. Voicing such concerns-and linking them to the sacrifices made by America's Revolutionary generation-the U. S. Militia takes the view that even though â€Å"foreign governments may disarm their subjects, we will not go down that road.† â€Å"We will not disarm,† they declare. As militia members see it, the right to bear arms allows Americans â€Å"to back up our other Bill of Rights. † Lose this right, they compete, and, sooner or later, they will lose all their rights. Republican support of citizens' militias went beyond the often expressed concern that standing armies might turn out to be the pawns of corrupt governments, and issues of who eventually controlled the means of force in society, however. The ownership of arms was essential to the very idea of republican citizenship.Arms, it was argued, provided the means by which a citizen could both maintain his independence and-as with jury service-actively participate in his own governance. In classical and early modern republican thought, arms were the â€Å"ultimo ratio whereby the citizen pictures his life to the protection of the state and simultaneously makes sure that the choice to expose it cannot be taken without him. It was the possession of arms which made a man a full citizen, able to, and required to display, the multiple adaptability and self-development which is the crown of citizenship. Access to arms would not create a republican citizen in itself, though.The key to citizenship certainly the key to the successful functioning of republican society as a whole-was to be found in the concept of virtue. Wood describes virtue as the â€Å"willingness o f the individual to sacrifice his private interests for the good of the community† (Gordon S. Wood, 1969) that is, to serve the common good-and the ultimate sacrifice an individual could make, certainly, was to lay down his life in defense of the republic. This is mainly worth noting since it adds a republican dimension to the obvious readiness of militia members to sacrifice themselves in emulation of their Revolutionary forefathers.Considerably, militias were seen as institutions in which citizens could be trained in virtue-where virtue would not merely be inculcated and nurtured, however as well exercised in the act of resisting the republic's enemies. Modern militia members are well aware of these aspects of republicanism: that militias were intended to offer a means for citizens to vigorously participate in the republican polity and had a vital role in instilling virtue in those citizens. Pro– and anti–gun control proponents sharply disagree regarding whethe r the Second Amendment poses an impediment to gun controls.Gun control proponents argue that the Second Amendment has nothing to do with individual rights; it guarantees merely that states can maintain organized militia units. They point to an unbroken line of court decisions that reject Second Amendment challenges to federal, state, and local gun controls. Gun owners' rights supporters cite a large and impressive composition of mostly historical scholarship that reveals that the founding fathers and, subsequently, the authors and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment, intended the Second Amendment to protect the individual American's right to be armed.There is much to be said on both sides of the constitutional debate. The great majority of state constitutions have clauses protecting the right of gun ownership. The merely states whose constitutions do not hold a right to bear arms are Iowa, California, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Minnesota. However, Iowa's, California's, an d New Jersey's constitutions openly protect the right to â€Å"self-defense. † Some state constitutions use the same language as the Second Amendment, however several openly protect the individual's right to keep and bear arms.Consider Vermont's constitution, enacted in 1777: â€Å"That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the State—and as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power. † http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm Pennsylvania's constitutional right to bear arms is measured to be the precursor to the Second Amendment.Enacted in 1790, at the time that the Bill of Rights was being ratified, it states: â€Å"The right of the citizens to bear arms in defence of themselves and the State shall not be questioned. † http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/vol okh/beararms/statecon/htm This language has always been interpreted by Pennsylvania courts to protect the right of all Pennsylvanians, not just militiamen, to possess firearms. Oklahoma's constitution, enacted in 1907, overtly protects the right to keep a gun at home, at the same time as subjecting the carrying of concealed weapons to regulation:â€Å"The right of a citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of his home, person, or property, or in aid of the civil power, when thereunto legally summoned, shall never be prohibited; but nothing herein contained shall prevent the Legislature from regulating the carrying of weapons. † http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm In recent years, numerous states have added gun ownership rights to their constitutions. For instance, Wisconsin amended its constitution so thatâ€Å"The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose. † http://www . law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm These state constitutional provisions would not protect gun owners from federal gun controls; however they protect gun owners against some state and local gun controls. The Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution states: â€Å"A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be abridged.† http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm In U. S. v. Cruikshank, a nineteenth-century case, the U. S. Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment was merely a protection against federal infringements of a right to bear arms. Although this decision predated the Supreme Court's 20th century decisions incorporating various Bill of Rights guarantees into the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause, with the outcome of guaranteeing those rights against violation by state and local governments, plus by the federal government.It is not a t all apparent that mid-nineteenth-century judges were unaware to any right to keep and bear arms. Consider this passage from the Supreme Court's infamous decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856), in which the Supreme Court held that slaves and their descendants could claim no rights of citizenship. What is interesting from our viewpoint is the Court's understanding of what are the rights of citizenship. The Supreme Court pointed out that the framers could not have intended that slaves or their descendants ever be citizens because thatâ€Å"would give to persons of the Negro race, who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union, the right to enter every other State whenever they pleased, singly or in companies, without pass or passport, and without obstruction, to sojourn there as long as they pleased, to go where they pleased at every hour of the day or night without molestation, unless they committed some violation of law for which a white man would be punished; an d it would give them the full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its own citizens might speak; to hold public meetings upon political affairs, and to keep and carry arms wherever they went. And all this would be done in the face of the subject race of the same color, both free and slaves, and inevitably producing discontent and insubordination among them, and endangering the peace and safety of the State†. (Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U. S.393 (1856)) Yale Law School professor Akhil Amar argues that the right of individuals to be armed was very much the intention of the drafters and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment. After the Civil War, the southern states quickly passed â€Å"black codes† that clearly denied the newly freed slaves the right to keep and bear arms. The debates in Congress in the 1860s over the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment were laced with comments regarding the need to assure that the freed slaves not be kept disarmed and thus submissive, and that they be capable to enjoy the same right to keep and bear arms as white citizens. (Akhil Amar, 1998).The Supreme Court has rendered merely one Second Amendment decision in the twentieth century. In U. S. v. Miller (1939), the Court held that, in making it a crime to own an unregistered sawed-off shotgun, the NFA did not violate the Second Amendment. Gun rights advocates say that the precedential value of the case is just that people are not guaranteed access to gangster weapons, like sawed-off shotguns, and that by negative inference they do have a right to arm themselves with traditional personal firearms. Gun controllers argue that the Second Amendment does not guarantee anybody anything and that Miller means that there is no personal right to possess firearms in the U. S. Constitution.Focusing on the amendment's first clause, they argue that the amendment means only that Congress could not abolish the state militia, now the Nation al Guard. Gun rights advocates believe that the Second Amendment guarantees every law-abiding American adult a right to keep and bear personal firearms. â€Å"Implicit in the Bill of Rights, as in the entire structure of the Constitution, are the twin hallmarks of traditional liberal thought: trust in the people; and distrust in government. † (David Hardy, 1979). Some proponents of this interpretation stress that the right to keep and bear arms was intended to guarantee protection against government tyranny.Liberal constitutional law theorist, William Van Alstyne, finds an individual rights view of the Second Amendment in a textual reading of the amendment. He argues that the amendment â€Å"Speaks to sources of security within a free state, within which†¦ ‘the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ’† He explains that this language guarantees the individual's right to have arms for self-defense and self-preservation. (Willi am Van Alstyne, 1994). Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Tribe, a person closely associated with liberal politics and the Democratic Party, as well concludes that â€Å"It is impossible to deny that some right to bear arms is among the rights of American citizens. † (Lawrence H. Tribe, 2000).Conceivably the Supreme Court will take a chance to interpret the Second Amendment in a recent Texas case. The U. S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas stated unconstitutional the federal law (18 U. S. C. sec. 922 [g][8]) which makes it a crime to own a firearm while under a restraining order for domestic violence as applied in a situation where the state divorce court, which issued the restraining order, had made no exclusive findings that the defendant posed a threat to his estranged wife. The district court held that the Second Amendment guarantees a personal right to keep and bear arms (U. S. v. Emerson, 46 F. Supp. 2d 598 [1999]). Two years later, the 5th Circuit C ourt of Appeals (Nov. 2001) affirmed, holding thatâ€Å"we find that the history of the Second Amendment reinforces the plain meaning of the text, namely that it protects individual Americans in their right to keep and bear arms whether or not they are members of a select militia or performing active military service or training. † Even though the U. S. Supreme Court eventually affirmed that the Second Amendment does not guarantee an individual right to keep and bear arms, which may never happen, the contrary belief is strongly rooted in U. S. and English history, in the constitutions of most U. S. states, as well as in a mountain of pro-gun scholarship. Many gun owners think that possession of firearms is a right of American citizenship and would not be persuaded otherwise, even by a U. S. Supreme Court decision to the contrary, just as death penalty opponents suppose that the Supreme Court was wrongheaded in declaring executions to be constitutionally permissible.Jeffrey Sn yder made the point aggressively in his 1993 Public Interest article, â€Å"A Nation of Cowards†: â€Å"The repeal of the Second Amendment would no more render the outlawing of firearms legitimate than the repeal of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment would authorize the government to imprison and kill people at will. A government that abrogates any of the Bills Of Rights, with or without majoritarian approval, forever votes illegitimately, becomes tyrannical, and loses the moral right to govern†. References: Akhil Amar (1998). The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven: Yale University Press). Clayton E. Cramer (1994).For the Defense of Themselves and the State: The Original Intent and Judicial Interpretation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms; Praeger Publishers, 1994 David Hardy (1979). â€Å"The Second Amendment as a Restraint on State and Federal Firearms Restrictions,† in Restricting Handguns, ed. Don Kates (Great Barrington, Mass . : North River) Gordon S. Wood (1969). The Creation of the American Republic; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/volokh/beararms/statecon/htm Jeffrey Snyder (1993). Nation of Cowards; Public Interest article Lawrence H. Tribe (2000). American Constitutional Law, 3rd ed. (New York: Foundation) William Van Alstyne (1994). â€Å"The Second Amendment and the Personal Right to Arms,† Duke Law Journal 43

Lifeboat Ethics Saving The World By Stripping Morals...

Kylan Smith EH 101 Dr. Lowe 6 November 2015 â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics:† Saving the World by Stripping Morals Doesn’t Float In Garrett Hardin’s essay â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor,† Hardin asks readers if every person on earth has an equal share of resources and then argues why he takes the position against helping the poor. Hardin uses the metaphor of a lifeboat that is almost filled to capacity, floating in an ocean where the â€Å"poor of the world† are overboard. This metaphor appeals greatly to one of humanities greatest instincts, survival. The main focus of Hardin’s essay and metaphor is to strip all morals, take the fault from the rich nations and place the responsibilities and blame on the poor. There are a few rebels who seem to think that the blame and responsibilities are incorrectly placed. One of these rebels is Alan Durning who presents his argument in his essay â€Å"Asking How Much is Enough.† Durning argues that overpopulation does n ot threaten the world’s resources. He believes the real culprit is overconsumption by the rich. Joseph K. Skinner is another rebel who argues against Hardin in his essay â€Å"Big Mac and the Tropical Forests.† Skinner argues that wealthy nations, including the United States, are responsible for the world’s resource problem because they use poor nations as main producers of goods they expend. The arguments made in the essays’ by Durning and Skinner make readers alert of Hardin’s rhetorical strategies and how he uses his